Ruff illustration
Birdsong field guide

Ruff

Calidris pugnax

A medium-sized Palearctic wading bird famous for the spectacular lekking displays and ornate neck ruffs of the breeding males.

What it sounds like

Mostly silent; may emit low, gruff 'uk' or 'whit' notes during flight or at the lek.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
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Rec. Lars Edenius · SwedenCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • Males possess three distinct, genetically determined morphs: territorial 'Independents', non-territorial 'Satellites', and female-mimicking 'Faeders'.
  • The species name 'pugnax' refers to the males' combative behavior during communal displays at traditional mating grounds called leks.
  • Females, which lack the ornate ruff and are significantly smaller than males, are specifically referred to as 'Reeves'.
  • It is a long-distance migrant, with some populations traveling from Arctic breeding grounds to wintering sites in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • The elaborate breeding plumage of the male is lost during the winter, making them look similar to the more cryptically colored females.
Habitat
Wet grasslands, tundra, and marshes during breeding; mudflats and inland wetlands during migration.
Range
Breeds across Northern Eurasia; winters in Africa, South Asia, and Australia.

Similar & commonly confused birds

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