Hawaiian Hawk illustration
Birdsong field guide

Hawaiian Hawk

Buteo solitarius

The Hawaiian Hawk, or 'Io, is the only hawk native to the Hawaiian Islands and serves as a powerful cultural symbol of royalty and protection. This medium-sized raptor is notable for its two distinct color phases and its status as the archipelago's only endemic member of the Buteo genus.

What it sounds like

A high-pitched, piercing scream that sounds like 'ee-oh'.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
0:00 / --:--
Rec. Brooks Rownd · United StatesCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • It is a solitary hunter that exists in both a dark morph (sooty brown) and a light morph (pale breast with dark streaking).
  • In Hawaiian mythology, the hawk is considered an 'aumakua, an ancestral guardian spirit that protects families.
  • It displays reversed sexual size dimorphism, where females are significantly larger and heavier than males.
  • The species is a generalist predator, successfully adapting its diet to include introduced species like rodents and mongoose alongside native prey.
  • Breeding pairs are generally monogamous and maintain the same nesting territory throughout the entire year.
Habitat
Primary and secondary forests, agricultural orchards, and subalpine shrublands.
Range
Endemic to the island of Hawaiʻi (the Big Island).

Similar & commonly confused birds

Heard a Hawaiian Hawk?

Open Birdsong, tap record, and identify the bird singing near you in seconds — then collect it in your field journal.

Identify a bird by its song