Barn Swallow illustration
Birdsong field guide

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica

The Barn Swallow is a slender, agile aerial insectivore distinguished by its deeply forked tail and steel-blue upperparts. It is the most widely distributed swallow species in the world, frequently nesting in close proximity to human settlements.

What it sounds like

A rapid, cheerful series of squeaky warbles and twittering notes, often ending in a distinctive dry, mechanical rattle.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
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Rec. Olivier SWIFT · FranceCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • It is the only North American swallow species possessing a deeply forked tail with elongated outer feathers called streamers.
  • Their cup-shaped nests are meticulously constructed from over 1,000 individual mud pellets reinforced with grass.
  • Barn Swallows are almost entirely aerial, feeding, drinking, and sometimes even bathing while in flight over water.
  • Research indicates females prefer mates with longer, more symmetrical tail streamers, which serve as an honest signal of genetic quality.
  • Originally cave-dwellers, the species has undergone a near-total shift to nesting on man-made structures like barns, bridges, and culverts.
Habitat
Open landscapes such as farmlands, meadows, and marshes, usually near bodies of water and human-made structures.
Range
Cosmopolitan; breeds across North America, Europe, and Asia, migrating to the Southern Hemisphere for the winter.

Similar & commonly confused birds

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