Kirtland's Warbler illustration
Birdsong field guide

Kirtland's Warbler

Setophaga kirtlandii

A rare, conservation-reliant wood-warbler known for its highly specific nesting requirements and striking yellow underparts.

What it sounds like

A loud, low-pitched, bubbly series of 5-10 whistling notes that increase in volume and end abruptly.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
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Rec. Sue Riffe · United StatesCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • It nests almost exclusively on the ground under the low branches of young jack pine trees.
  • The species requires large tracts of 5- to 20-year-old jack pines, which historically relied on wildfire for regeneration.
  • It was one of the first species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973 and has since seen a significant population recovery.
  • The bird exhibits a distinctive behavior of frequently bobbing its tail up and down while perched or foraging.
  • Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism was once a primary threat, necessitating intensive management programs to protect warbler nests.
Habitat
Young jack pine stands on sandy outwash plains, typically 5 to 20 years old and 5 to 15 feet tall.
Range
Primary breeding grounds in Michigan's Lower Peninsula, with small populations in Wisconsin and Ontario; winters in the Bahamas.

Similar & commonly confused birds

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