Spruce Grouse illustration
Birdsong field guide

Spruce Grouse

Canachites canadensis

A medium-sized, dark-plumaged grouse of the northern boreal forests, famously known as the 'fool hen' for its lack of fear toward humans.

What it sounds like

Generally quiet; males produce low-pitched hooting and mechanical wing-claps, while females give sharp clucks and aggressive 'kuts'.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
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Rec. Bruce Lagerquist · United StatesCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • During winter, their gizzards and digestive tracts enlarge to process a diet consisting almost entirely of fibrous conifer needles.
  • Males perform a unique courtship display called a 'wing-clap,' snapping their wings together over their backs to create a loud cracking sound.
  • They grow specialized comb-like fringes on their toes called pectinations each autumn, which act as snowshoes for walking on deep snow.
  • The species is highly specialized for life in coniferous forests, rarely venturing into deciduous areas or open grasslands.
  • Males are distinguished by a bold black throat and breast, contrasted with a vibrant red 'comb' of bare skin above each eye.
Habitat
Dense coniferous forests, particularly those dominated by black spruce, jack pine, or tamarack.
Range
Boreal regions across Alaska and Canada, extending into the northernmost United States including New England and the Rockies.
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