Prothonotary Warbler illustration
Birdsong field guide

Prothonotary Warbler

Protonotaria citrea

The Prothonotary Warbler is a vibrant, golden-yellow songbird of deep wooded swamps, often referred to as the 'swamp candle' for its brilliant plumage.

What it sounds like

A loud, ringing, and monochromatic series of high-pitched notes, typically rendered as 'tsweet-tsweet-tsweet-tsweet'.

Reference call, compare with what you heard
0:00 / 2:18
Rec. Richard E. Webster · United StatesCC BY-NC-SAXeno-canto

Field notes

  • It is one of only two North American warbler species that obligately nests in tree cavities.
  • The species is named after the yellow robes traditionally worn by prothonotaries, who were high-ranking clerks in the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Males often build multiple 'dummy' nests throughout their territory to provide the female with options and to discourage rivals.
  • Unlike most wood-warblers, they are frequently seen foraging just inches above standing water to catch aquatic insects.
  • They are a species of high conservation concern due to the rapid loss of their specialized bottomland hardwood forest habitat.
Habitat
Stagnant or slow-moving wooded swamps, flooded bottomland forests, and riverine wetlands.
Range
Breeds across the eastern and central United States; winters in the mangroves and coastal wetlands of Central and northern South America.
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